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Nanosphere-on-mirror plasmonic antennas, each having a monolayer graphene orMoS2 sheet in the gap, were pumped with a femtosecond laser. Abrupt turnings inthe scattering linewidth and peak intensity trends as the laser power changedwere experimentally observed. Theoretical modelling of dynamic plasmonevolvement attributes the turning to transitioning between two plasmon states,with a universal switching threshold of four-wave mixing efficiency around0.14%. This bistability is rendered by a strong feedback from the nonlinear gapcurrent to the gap plasmons, and involvement of both four and high-order wavemixing. This work reveals a pathway to making energy efficient nonlinearplasmonic elements.

2D-Material-Assisted Bistable Switching of Gap Plasmons Disclosed By Femtosecond Pulse Scattering Spectra