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Electric energy generation from falling droplets has seen a hundred-fold risein efficiency over the past year. However, even these newest devices can onlyextract a small portion of the droplet energy. In this paper, we theoreticallyinvestigate the contributions of hydrodynamic and electric losses in limitingthe efficiency of droplet electricity generators (DEG). Noting that theelectro-mechanical energy conversion occurs during the recoil that immediatelyfollows droplet impact, we identify three limits on existing droplet electricgenerators: (i) the impingement velocity is limited in order to maintain thedroplet integrity; (ii) much of droplet mechanical energy is squandered inovercoming viscous shear force with the substrate; (iii) insufficientelectrical charge of the substrate. Of all these effects, we found that up to83% of the total energy available was lost by viscous dissipation duringspreading. Minimizing this loss by using cascaded DEG devices to reduce thedroplet kinetic energy may increase future devices efficiency beyond 10%.

Hydrodynamic constraints on the energy efficiency of droplet electricity generators