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Shift of the power system generation from the fossil to the variablerenewable sources prompted the system operators to search for new sources offlexibility, that is, new reserve providers. With the introduction of electricvehicles, smart charging emerged as one of the relevant solutions. However,electric vehicle aggregators face the uncertainty of reserve activation on oneside and electric vehicle availability on the other. These uncertainty can havea negative effect on both the aggregators' profitability and their users'comfort.State-of-the art literature mostly neglects the reserve activation orthe related uncertainty. Also, they rarely model European markets or use realbalancing data. This paper introduces a new method for modeling the reserveactivation uncertainty based on actual data for the European power system.Three electric vehicle scheduling models were designed and tested: thedeterministic, the stochastic and the robust one. The results demonstrate thatthe current deterministic approaches inaccurately represent the activationuncertainty and that the proposed models that consider uncertainty, both thestochastic and the robust one, substantially improve the results.

Electric Vehicle Aggregator as an Automatic Reserves Provider in the European Market Setting