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High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems for constant or intermittent powerdelivery have recently been developed further to support grid frequencyregulation (GFR). This paper proposes a new control strategy for aline-commutated converter-based (LCC) HVDC system, wherein the DC-link voltageand current are optimally regulated to improve real-time GFR in both rectifier-and inverter-side AC networks. A dynamic model of an LCC HVDC system isdeveloped using the DC voltage and current as input variables, and isintegrated with feedback loops for inertia emulation and droop control. Alinear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is also designed for optimalsecondary frequency control, while mitigating conflict between the droopcontrollers of the HVDC converters. An eigenvalue analysis is then conducted,focusing on the effects of model parameters and controller gains on theproposed strategy. Simulation case studies are also performed using theJeju-Haenam HVDC system as a test bed. The results of the case study confirmthat the proposed strategy enables the HVDC system to improve GFR, incoordination with generators in both-side grids, by exploiting the fastdynamics of HVDC converters. The proposed strategy is also effective undervarious conditions for the LQG weighting coefficients, inertia emulation, anddroop control.

Optimal Voltage and Current Control of an HVDC System to Improve Real-Time Frequency Regulation