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This work presents a comprehensive investigation of the elastic and fracturebehavior of ply-to-ply angle interlock three-dimensional woven composites. Theresearch investigated novel splitting and wedge-driven out-of-plane fracturetests to shed light on the tensile fracture behavior in the thickness directionand to provide estimates of the out-of-plane tensile strength and fractureenergy. In addition, size effect tests on geometrically-scaled Single EdgeNotch Tension (SENT) specimens were performed to fully characterize theintra-laminar fracture energy of the material and to study the scaling ofstructural strength in this type of three-dimensional composites. The resultsconfirmed that size effect in the structural strength of these materials issignificant. In fact, even if the range of sizes investigated was broader thanin any previous size effect study on traditional laminated composites andtwo-dimensional textile composites, all the experimental data fell in thetransition zone between quasi-ductile and brittle behavior. This implies strongdamage tolerance of the investigated three-dimensional composites. The analysisof the data via Bazant's Type II Size Effect Law (SEL) enabled the objectivecharacterization of the intra-laminar fracture energy of three-dimensionalcomposites for the first time. Finally, Arcan rig tests combined with X-raymicro-computed tomography allowed unprecedented insights on the differentdamage mechanisms under multi-axial nominal loading conditions, particularlytension-dominated and shear-dominated conditions.

Elastic and Fracture Behavior of Three-Dimensional Ply-to-Ply Angle Interlock Woven Composites: Through-Thickness, Size Effect, and Multiaxial Tests