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A generalized physics-based expression for the drag coefficient of sphericalparticles moving in a fluid is derived. The proposed correlation incorporatesessential rarefied physics, low-speed hydrodynamics, and shock-wave physics toaccurately model the particle-drag force for a wide range of Mach and Knudsennumbers (and therefore Reynolds number) a particle may experience. Owing to thebasis of the derivation in physics-based scaling laws, the proposed correlationembeds gas-specific properties and has explicit dependence on the ratio ofspecific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume. Thecorrelation is applicable for arbitrary particle relative velocity, particlediameter, gas pressure, gas temperature, and surface temperature. Compared toexisting drag models, the correlation is shown to more accurately reproduce awide range of experimental data. Finally, the new correlation is applied tosimulate dust particles' trajectories in high-speed flow, relevant to aspacecraft entering the Martian atmosphere. The enhanced surface heat flux dueto particle impact is found to be sensitive to the particle drag model.

A General Drag Coefficient for Flow over a Sphere