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A non-terrestrial network (NTN), a term coined by the 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), refers to a network utilizing airborne orspaceborne payload for communication. The use of NTN has the potential offacilitating providing connectivity to underserved areas. This has motivatedthe work in 3GPP on evolving the fifth generation (5G) wireless accesstechnology, known as new radio (NR), to support NTN. The broadbandopportunities promised by NTN with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites haveattracted much attention, but the performance of LEO NTN using 5G NR has notbeen well studied. In this paper, we address this gap by analyzing andevaluating the throughput and capacity performance of LEO NTN. The evaluationresults show that the downlink capacity of a LEO satellite in S band with 30MHz bandwidth serving handheld terminal is about 600 Mbps and the downlinkcapacity of a LEO satellite in Ka band with 400 MHz bandwidth serving verysmall aperture terminal (VSAT) is about 7 Gbps. For a LEO NTN similar to theKuiper project proposed by Amazon, we find that, due to the large cell sizes inthe LEO NTN, the area capacity density is moderate: 1-10 kbps/km$^2$ in the Sband downlink and 14-120 kbps/km$^2$ in the Ka band downlink depending onlatitude.

Throughput and Capacity Evaluation of 5G New Radio Non-Terrestrial Networks with LEO Satellites