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Despite the advancements in software testing, bugs still plague deployedsoftware and result in crashes in production. When debugging issues --sometimes caused by "heisenbugs" -- there is the need to interpret core dumpsand reproduce the issue offline on the same binary deployed. This requires theentire toolchain (compiler, linker, debugger) to correctly generate and usedebug information. Little attention has been devoted to checking that suchinformation is correctly preserved by modern toolchains' optimization stages.This is particularly important as managing debug information in optimizedproduction binaries is non-trivial, often leading to toolchain bugs that mayhinder post-deployment debugging efforts. In this paper, we presentDebug$^{2}$, a framework to find debug information bugs in modern toolchains.Our framework feeds random source programs to the target toolchain andsurgically compares the debugging behavior of their optimized/unoptimizedbinary variants. Such differential analysis allows Debug$^{2}$ to checkinvariants at each debugging step and detect bugs from invariant violations.Our invariants are based on the (in)consistency of common debug entities, suchas source lines, stack frames, and function arguments. We show that, whilesimple, this strategy yields powerful cross-toolchain and cross-languageinvariants, which can pinpoint several bugs in modern toolchains. We have usedDebug$^{2}$ to find 23 bugs in the LLVM toolchain (clang/lldb), 8 bugs in theGNU toolchain (GCC/gdb), and 3 in the Rust toolchain (rustc/lldb) -- with 14bugs already fixed by the developers.

Who is Debugging the Debuggers? Exposing Debug Information Bugs in Optimized Binaries