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Large pages are commonly deployed to reduce address translation overheads forbig-memory workloads. Modern x86-64 processors from Intel and AMD support twolarge page sizes -- 1GB and 2MB. However, previous works on large pages haveprimarily focused on 2MB pages, partly due to lack of substantial evidence onthe profitability of 1GB pages to real-world applications. We argue that infact, inadequate system software support is responsible for a decade ofunderutilized hardware support for 1GB pages.  Through extensive experimentation on a real system, we demonstrate that 1GBpages can improve performance over 2MB pages, and when used in tandem with 2MBpages for an important set of applications; the support for the latter iscrucial but missing in current systems. Our design and implementation of\trident{} in Linux fully exploit hardware supported large pages by dynamicallyand transparently allocating 1GB, 2MB, and 4KB pages as deemed suitable.\trident{} speeds up eight memory-intensive applications by {$18\%$}, onaverage, over Linux's use of 2MB pages. We also propose \tridentpv{}, anextension to \trident{} that effectively virtualizes 1GB pages via copy-lesspromotion and compaction in the guest OS. Overall, this paper shows that evenGB-sized pages have considerable practical significance with adequate softwareenablement, in turn motivating architects to continue investing/innovating inlarge pages.

Leveraging Architectural Support of Three Page Sizes with Trident