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Most state machine replication protocols are either based on the 40-years-oldByzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) theory or the more recent Nakamoto's longestchain design. Longest chain protocols, designed originally in the Proof-of-Work(PoW) setting, are available under dynamic participation, but has probabilisticconfirmation with long latency dependent on the security parameter. BFTprotocols, designed for the permissioned setting, has fast deterministicconfirmation, but assume a fixed number of nodes always online. We present anew construction which combines a longest chain protocol and a BFT protocol toget the best of both worlds. Using this construction, we design TaiJi, thefirst dynamically available PoW protocol which has almost deterministicconfirmation with latency independent of the security parameter. In contrast toprevious hybrid approaches which use a single longest chain to sampleparticipants to run a BFT protocol, our native PoW construction uses manyindependent longest chains to sample propose actions and vote actions for theBFT protocol. This design enables TaiJi to inherit the full dynamicavailability of Bitcoin, as well as its full unpredictability, making it secureagainst fully-adaptive adversaries with up to 50% of online hash power.

TaiJi: Longest Chain Availability with BFT Fast Confirmation