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The emerging cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) is apromising scheme to tackle the capacity crunch in wireless networks. Designingthe optimal fronthaul network in the CF-mMIMIO is of utmost importance todeploy a cost- and energy-efficient network. In this paper, we present aframework to optimally design the fronthaul network of CF-mMIMO utilizingoptical fiber and free space optical (FSO) technologies. We study an uplinkdata transmission of the CF-mMIMO network wherein each of the distributedaccess points (APs) is connected to a central processing unit (CPU) through acapacity-limited fronthaul, which could be the optical fiber or FSO. Herein, wehave derived achievable rates and studied the network's energy efficiency inthe presence of power consumption models at the APs and fronthaul links.Although an optical fiber link has a larger capacity, it consumes less powerand has a higher deployment cost than that of an FSO link. For a given totalnumber of APs, the optimal number of optical fiber and FSO links and theoptimal capacity coefficient for the optical fibers are derived to maximize thesystem's performance. Finally, the network's performance is investigatedthrough numerical results to highlight the effects of different types ofoptical fronthaul links.

Designing Cost- and Energy-Efficient Cell-Free Massive MIMO Network with Fiber and FSO Fronthaul Links