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Electrochemical phenomena in ferroelectrics are of particular interest forcatalysis and sensing applications, with recent studies highlighting thecombined role of the ferroelectric polarisation, applied surface voltage andoverall switching history. Here, we present a systematic Kelvin probemicroscopy study of the effect of relative humidity and polarisation switchinghistory on the surface charge dissipation in ferroelectricPb(Zr$_{0.2}$Ti$_{0.8}$)O$_3$ thin films. We analyze the interaction of surfacecharges with ferroelectric domains through the framework of physicallyconstrained unsupervised machine learning matrix factorization, DictionaryLearning, and reveal a complex interplay of voltage-mediated physical processesunderlying the observed signal decays. Additional insight into the observedbehaviours is given by a Fitzhugh-Nagumo reaction-diffusion model, highlightingthe lateral spread and charge passivation process contributors within theDictionary Learning analysis.

Local and correlated studies of humidity-mediated ferroelectric thin film surface charge dynamics