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This paper presents the design and analysis of a wearable CMOS biosensor withthree different designs of energy-resolution scalable time-based resistance todigital converters (RDC), targeted towards either minimizing theenergy/conversion step or maximizing bit-resolution. The implemented RDCsconsist of a 3-stage differential ring oscillator which is current starved withthe resistive sensor, a differential to single ended amplifier, an off-chipcounter and serial interface. The first design RDC included the basic structureof time-based RDC and targeted low energy/conversion step. The second designRDC aimed to improve the rms jitter/phase noise of the oscillator with help ofspeed-up latches, to achieve higher bit-resolution as compared to the firstdesign RDC. The third design RDC reduced the power consumption by scaling thetechnology with the improved phase-noise design, achieving 1-bit betterresolution as that of the second design RDC. Using a time-based implementation,the RDCs exhibit energy-resolution scalablity, and consume 861nW with 18-bitresolution in design 1 in TSMC 0.35um technology. Design 2 and 3 consume 19.1uWwith 20-bit resolution using TSMC 0.35um, and 17.6uW with 20-bit resolutionsusing TSMC 0.18um, respectively (both with 10ms read-time, repeated everysecond). With 30ms read-time, design 3 achieves 21-bit resolution, which is thehighest resolution reported for a time-based ADC. The 0.35um time-based RDC isthe lowest-power time-based ADC reported, while the 0.18um time-based RDC withspeed-up latch offers the highest resolution. The active chip-area for all3-designs are less than 1.1 mm^2.

A Wearable CMOS Biosensor with 3 Designs of Energy-Resolution Scalable Time-Based Resistance to Digital Converter