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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by viral infectionseach year, and yet, several of them neither have vaccines nor effectivetreatment during and post-infection. This challenge has been highlighted by theCOVID-19 pandemic, showing how viruses can quickly spread and how they canimpact society as a whole. Novel techniques that bring in different disciplinesmust emerge to provide forward-looking strategies to combat viral infections,as well as possible future pandemics. In the past decade, an interdisciplinaryarea involving bioengineering, nanotechnology and information and communicationtechnology (ICT) has been developing, known as Molecular Communications. Thisnew emerging area uses elements of classical communication systems and maps itto molecular signalling and communication found inside and outside the body,where the aim is to develop new tools that can serve future medicine. In thispaper, we provide an extensive and detailed discussion on how MolecularCommunications can be integrated into the research on viral infectious diseasesmodelling, and how possible treatment and vaccines can be developed consideringmolecules as information carriers. We provide a literature review on theexisting models of Molecular Communications for viral infection (in-body andout-body), a deep analysis on their effects on the host and subsequentcommunication process for other systems within the body (e.g., immuneresponse), sources of experimental data on known viral infections and how itcan be used by the Molecular Communications community, as well as open issuesand future directions. Since the development of therapeutics/vaccines needs aninterdisciplinary approach centred around ICT, we are confident that MolecularCommunications can play a central role here by providing a detailcharacterisation and manipulation of the propagation of molecules in differentmedia.

Molecular Communications in Viral Infections Research: Modelling, Experimental Data and Future Directions