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Mobility resilience refers to the ability of individuals to complete theirdesired travel despite unplanned disruptions to the transportation system. Thepotential of new on-demand mobility options, such as ridesourcing services, tofill unpredicted gaps in mobility is an underexplored source of adaptivecapacity. Applying a natural experiment approach to newly released ridesourcingdata, we examine variation in the gap-filling role of on-demand mobility duringsudden shocks to a transportation system by analyzing the change in use ofridesourcing during unexpected rail transit service disruptions across theracially and economically diverse city of Chicago. Using a multilevel mixedmodel, we control not only for the immediate station attributes where thedisruption occurs, but also for the broader context of the community area andcity quadrant in a three-level structure. Thereby the unobserved variabilityacross neighborhoods can be associated with differences in factors such astransit ridership, or socio-economic status of residents, in addition tocontrolling for station level effects. Our findings reveal that individuals useridesourcing as a gap-filling mechanism during rail transit disruptions, butthere is strong variation across situational and locational contexts.Specifically, our results show larger increases in transit disruptionresponsive ridesourcing during weekdays, nonholidays, and more severedisruptions, as well as in community areas that have higher percentages ofWhite residents and transit commuters, and on the more affluent northside ofthe city. These findings point to new insights with far-reaching implicationson how ridesourcing complements existing transport networks by providing addedcapacity during disruptions but does not appear to bring equitable gap-fillingbenefits to low-income communities of color that typically have more limitedmobility options.

Disparities in ridesourcing demand for mobility resilience: A multilevel analysis of neighborhood effects in Chicago, Illinois