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Vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclistsare at the highest risk in the road traffic environment. Globally, over half ofroad traffic deaths are vulnerable road users. Although substantial efforts arebeing made to improve VRU safety from engineering solutions to law enforcement,the death toll of VRUs' continues to rise. The emerging technology, CooperativeIntelligent Transportation System (C-ITS), has the proven potential to enhanceroad safety by enabling wireless communication to exchange information amongroad users. Such exchanged information is utilized for creating situationalawareness and detecting any potential collisions in advance to take necessarymeasures to avoid any possible road casualties. The current state-of-the-artsolutions of C-ITS for VRU safety, however, are limited to unidirectionalcommunication where VRUs are only responsible for alerting their presence todrivers with the intention of avoiding collisions. This one-way interaction issubstantially limiting the enormous potential of C-ITS which otherwise can beemployed to devise a more effective solution for the VRU safety where VRU canbe equipped with bidirectional communication with full C-ITS functionalities.To address such problems and to explore better C-ITS solution suggestions forVRU, this paper reviewed and evaluated the current technologies and safetymethods proposed for VRU safety over the period 2007-2020. Later, it presentsthe design considerations for a cellular-based Vehicle-to-VRU (V2VRU)communication system along with potential challenges of a cellular-basedapproach to provide necessary recommendations.

Enhancing Vulnerable Road User Safety: A Survey of Existing Practices and Consideration for Using Mobile Devices for V2X Connections