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In small/medium-sized isolated power networks with low rotational inertia andhigh penetration of renewables, generation/load contingency events may causelarge frequency excursions, potentially leading to cascading failures and evenblackouts. Therefore, it is crucial for system operators to be able to monitorthe state of the network in real-time and predict the maximum possiblefrequency deviations at all times.  This paper presents a real-time frequency stability (RTFS) tool developed bythe Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) and operationalized in the controlroom for the South West Interconnected System (SWIS) to ensure that theavailable spinning reserve is sufficient and fast enough to arrest frequencyexcursions under any conditions, and particularly low-inertia ones. To reducethe computational burden and complexity of the different turbine-governormodels, a simple first-order lag function with two adjustable variables hasbeen used for each of the generator. These adjustable parameters, along withother key model parameters such as load damping and inertia, have beencalibrated against actual frequency response using high-speed fault recorderdata from historical events. As demonstrated in several case studies, thereal-time tool has proven to be accurate at predicting the trajectory of systemfrequency after credible contingencies, thus suggesting that similarimplementations could be carried out elsewhere while power systems worldwideprogress towards lower inertia.

Online Security Assessment of Low-Inertia Power Systems: A Real-Time Frequency Stability Tool for the Australian South-West Interconnected System