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The interest of the mining industry on the assessment of tailings staticliquefaction has exacerbated after recent failures of upstream-raised tailingsstorage facilities (TSF). Standard practices to evaluate global stability ofTSFs entail the use of limit equilibrium analyses considering peak and residualundrained shear strengths; thus, neglecting the work input required to drivethe softening process that leads to progressive failure of susceptibletailings. This paper presents a simplified procedure to evaluate the staticliquefaction triggering of upstream-raised TSFs by means of finite elementmodels employing the well-known Hardening Soil model with small-strainstiffness (HSS). A calibration methodology is proposed to overcome the modellimitation of not being implemented in a critical state framework, focusing onthe stiffness parameters that control the rate of shear-induced plasticvolumetric strains. A real TSF is modelled in Plaxis 2D to evaluate itsvulnerability to liquefy due to an undrained lateral spreading at thefoundation. Results show that minor movements near the toe induce the materialinto a strain-softening regime that leads to a progressive failure towards thestructure crest.

A simplified procedure to numerically evaluate triggering of static liquefaction in upstream-raised tailings storage facilities