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Running title: Frontoparietal anodal tDCS reduces ketamine-inducedoscillopathies.Abstract: During the prodromal phase of schizophrenia with itscomplex and insidious clinical picture, electroencephalographic recordingsdetect widespread oscillation disturbances (or oscillopathies). Neuraloscillations are electro-biomarkers of the connectivity state within systems. Asingle systemic administration of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA glutamatereceptor antagonist, transiently reproduces the oscillopathies with a clinicalpicture reminiscent of the psychosis prodrome. This acute pharmacological modelmay help the research and development of innovative treatments against thepsychotic transition. Transcranial electrical stimulation is recognized as anappropriate non-invasive therapeutic modality since it can increase cognitiveperformance and modulate neural oscillations with little or no side effects.Therefore, our objective was to set up, in the sedated adult rat, a stimulationmethod able to normalize the ketamine-induced oscillopathies. Unilateraltranscranial frontoparietal anodal stimulation by direct current (<+1 mA) wasapplied in ketamine-treated rats. A concomitant electroencephalographicrecording of the parietal cortex measured the stimulation effects on itsspontaneously-occurring oscillations. A 5-min bipolar anodal tDCS immediatelyand quickly reduced, significantly with an intensity-effect relationship, theketamine-induced oscillopathies at least in the bilateral parietal cortex. Aduration effect was also recorded. These preliminary neurophysiologicalfindings are promising for developing a therapeutic proof-of-concept againstneuropsychiatric disorders.

Transcranial Bipolar Direct Current Stimulation of the Frontoparietal  Cortex Reduces Ketamine-Induced Oscillopathies: A Pilot Study in the Sedated  Rat