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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular in our daily life,which replaces traditional fuel vehicles to reduce carbon emissions and protectthe environment. EVs need to be charged, but the number of charging piles in aCharging Station (CS) is limited and charging is usually more time-consumingthan fueling. According to this scenario, we propose a secure and efficientcharging scheduling system based on a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-blockchainand double auction mechanism. In a smart area, it attempts to assign EVs to theavailable CSs in the light of their submitted charging requests and statusinformation. First, we design a lightweight charging scheduling framework thatintegrates DAG-blockchain and modern cryptography technology to ensure securityand scalability during performing scheduling and completing tradings. In thisprocess, a constrained multi-item double auction problem is formulated becauseof the limited charging resources in a CS, which motivates EVs and CSs in thisarea to participate in the market based on their preferences and statuses. Dueto this constraint, our problem is more complicated and harder to achievetruthfulness as well as system efficiency compared to the existing doubleauction model. To adapt to it, we propose two algorithms, namely TruthfulMechanism for Charging (TMC) and Efficient Mechanism for Charging (EMC), todetermine an assignment between EVs and CSs and pricing strategies. Then, boththeoretical analysis and numerical simulations show the correctness andeffectiveness of our proposed algorithms.

A Double Auction for Charging Scheduling among Vehicles Using DAG-Blockchains