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Before septation processes shape its four chambers, the embryonic heart is astraight tube that spontaneously bends and twists breaking the left-rightsymmetry. In particular, the heart tube is subjected to a cell remodellinginducing ventral bending and dextral torsion during the c-looping phase. Inthis work we propose a morphomechanical model for the torsion of the hearttube, that behaves as a nonlinear elastic body. We hypothesize that thisspontaneous looping can be modeled as a mechanical instability due toaccumulation of residual stresses induced by the geometrical frustration oftissue remodelling, which mimics the cellular rearrangement within the hearttube. Thus, we perform a linear stability analysis of the resulting nonlinearelastic boundary value problem to determine the onset of c-looping as afunction of the aspect ratios of the tube and of the internal remodelling rate.We perform numerical simulations to study the fully nonlinear morphologicaltransition, showing that the soft tube develops a realistic self-contactinglooped shape in the physiological range of geometrical parameters.

Morphomechanical model of the torsional c-looping in the embryonic heart