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Ferrofluids are strongly magnetic fluids consisting of magnetic nanoparticlesdispersed in a carrier fluid. Besides their technological applications, theyhave a tendency to form beautiful and intriguing patterns when subjected toexternal static and dynamic magnetic fields. Most of the patterns occur insystems consisting of two fluids: one ferrofluidic and one non-magnetic (oil,air, etc.), wherein the fluid-fluid interface deforms as a response to magneticfields. Usually, the fluids are completely immiscible and so the interfacialenergy in this systems is very large. Here we show that it is possible todesign a fully aqueous ferrofluid system by using phase separation ofincompatible polymers. This continuous aqueous system allows an ultralowinterfacial tension (down to 1 $\mu$N/m) and nearly vanishing pinning at threephase contact lines. We demonstrate the normal-field instability with thesystem and focus on the miniaturization of the pattern length from the typical$\sim$10 mm size down to $\sim$200 $\mu$m. The normal-field instability ischaracterized in glass capillaries of thickness comparable to the patternlength. This system paves way towards interesting physics such as theinteraction between magnetic instabilities and thermal capillary waves andoffers a way to evaluate extremely small interfacial tensions.

Ferrofluidic aqueous two-phase system with ultralow interfacial tension, instabilities and pattern formation