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Geophysical imaging of the lunar near-surface structure will be key for insitu resource utilization, identification of hazards for crews andinfrastructure, and answering science questions on the formation and interiorof the Moon. The goal of this white paper is to highlight the value ofground-based geophysical experiments by a crew and to outline a series ofexperiments to address key science questions. Specifically, we propose for theArtemis III crewed mission multidisciplinary investigations using geophysicalmethods such as seismic, seismological, ground penetrating radar, andelectromagnetic techniques. We identified a series of prime near-surfacetargets for such geophysical investigations: (1) establishing a lunar faultmonitoring observatory across a lobate scarp to study recent lunar seismicity,(2) determining the physical properties of the regolith at the landing site,(3) investigating the structure and in-situ properties of permanently shadowedregions in the context of the search for water ice and other cold-trappedvolatiles, and (4) imaging the interior structure of the South-Pole Aitkenbasin. Beyond Artemis III, the Moon will serve as a comprehensive testbed forextra-terrestrial geophysics. Hence, lessons learned from human geophysicalexploration of the Moon will be key for the exploration of the moons of Marsand near-Earth object(s), and prepare us for the human exploration of spacebeyond the Moon.

Exploring the near-surface at the lunar South Pole with geophysical tools