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Despite long-term efforts for exploring antibacterial agents or drugs, itremains challenging how to potentiate antibacterial activity and meanwhileminimize toxicity hazards to the environment. Here, we experimentally show thatthe functionality of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through copper ions displaysselective antibacterial activity significantly stronger than that of rGO itselfand no toxicity to mammalian cells. Remarkably, this antibacterial activity istwo orders of magnitude greater than the activity of its surrounding copperions. We demonstrate that the rGO is functionalized through the cation-${\pi}$interaction to massively adsorb copper ions to form a rGO-copper composite insolution and result in an extremely low concentration level of surroundingcopper ions (less than ~0.5 ${\mu}M$). These copper ions on rGO are positivelycharged and strongly interact with negatively charged bacterial cells toselectively achieve antibacterial activity, while rGO exhibits thefunctionality to not only actuate rapid delivery of copper ions and massiveassembly onto bacterial cells but also result in the valence shift in thecopper ions from Cu$^{2+}$ into Cu$^{+}$ which greatly enhances theantibacterial activity. Notably, this functionality of rGO throughcation-${\pi}$ interaction with copper ions can similarly achieve algaecidalactivity but does not exert cytotoxicity against neutrally charged mammaliancells. The remarkable selective antibacterial activity from the rGOfunctionality as well as the inherent broad-spectrum-antibacterial physicalmechanism represents a significant step toward the development of a novelantibacterial material and reagent without environmental hazards for practicalapplication.

Remarkable antibacterial activity of reduced graphene oxide functionalized by copper ions