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How meaning is represented in the brain is still one of the big openquestions in neuroscience. Does a word (e.g., bird) always have the samerepresentation, or does the task under which the word is processed alter itsrepresentation (answering "can you eat it?" versus "can it fly?")? The brainactivity of subjects who read the same word while performing different semantictasks has been shown to differ across tasks. However, it is still notunderstood how the task itself contributes to this difference. In the currentwork, we study Magnetoencephalography (MEG) brain recordings of participantstasked with answering questions about concrete nouns. We investigate the effectof the task (i.e. the question being asked) on the processing of the concretenoun by predicting the millisecond-resolution MEG recordings as a function ofboth the semantics of the noun and the task. Using this approach, we testseveral hypotheses about the task-stimulus interactions by comparing thezero-shot predictions made by these hypotheses for novel tasks and nouns notseen during training. We find that incorporating the task semanticssignificantly improves the prediction of MEG recordings, across participants.The improvement occurs 475-550ms after the participants first see the word,which corresponds to what is considered to be the ending time of semanticprocessing for a word. These results suggest that only the end of semanticprocessing of a word is task-dependent, and pose a challenge for futureresearch to formulate new hypotheses for earlier task effects as a function ofthe task and stimuli.

Modeling Task Effects on Meaning Representation in the Brain via Zero-Shot MEG Prediction