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In this paper, a distribution system operator (DSO) framework is proposed forcomprehensive retail and wholesale markets participation of distributed energyresource (DER) aggregators under uncertainty based on two-stage stochasticprogramming. Different kinds of DER aggregators including energy storageaggregators (ESAGs), demand response aggregators (DRAGs), electric vehicle (EV)aggregating charging stations (EVCSs), dispatchable distributed generation(DDG) aggregators (DDGAGs), and renewable energy aggregators (REAGs) aremodeled. Distribution network operation constraints are considered using alinearized power flow. The problem is modeled using mixed-integer linearprogramming (MILP) which can be solved by using commercial solvers. Casestudies are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed DSOframework.

A Two-stage Stochastic Programming DSO Framework for Comprehensive Market Participation of DER Aggregators under Uncertainty