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Previous research has shown a clear relationship between sleep and memory,examining the impact of sleep deprivation on key cognitive processes over veryshort durations or in special populations. Here, we show, in a longitudinal 16week study, that naturalistic, unfettered sleep modulations in healthy adultshave significant impacts on the brain. Using a dynamic networks approachcombined with hierarchical statistical modelling, we show that the flexibilityof particular brain regions that span a large network including regions inoccipital, temporal, and frontal cortex increased when participants performed aworking memory task following low sleep episodes. Critically, performanceitself did not change as a function of sleep, implying adaptability in brainnetworks to compensate for having a poor night's sleep by recruiting thenecessary resources to complete the task. We further explore whether thiscompensatory effect is driven by a (i) increase in the recruitment of networkresources over time and/or (ii) an expansion of the network itself. Our resultsadd to the literature linking sleep and memory, provide an analytical frameworkin which to investigate compensatory modulations in the brain, and highlightthe brain's resilience to day-to-day fluctuations of external pressures toperformance.

Flexibility of brain regions during working memory curtails cognitive consequences to lack of sleep