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Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) has gained a lot of popularity inrecent years. According to many, 3DCP is set to revolutionize the constructionindustry: yielding unparalleled aesthetics, better quality control, lower cost,and a reduction of the construction time. In this paper, two finite elementmethod (FEM) strategies are presented for simulating such 3D concrete printingprocesses. The aim of these models is to predict the structural behaviourduring printing, while the concrete is still fresh, and estimate the optimalprint speed and maximum overhang angle to avoid print failures. Both FEanalyses involve solving multiple static implicit steps where sets of finiteelements are added stepwise until failure. The main difference between the twomethods is in the discretization of the 3D model. The first method usesvoxelization to approximate the 3D shape, while the second approach starts fromdefining the toolpath and constructs finite elements by sweeping them along thepath. A case study is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of bothstrategies. Both models are in good agreement with each other, and a comparablestructural response is obtained. The model's limitations and future challengesare also discussed. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates how FEM-based models caneffectively simulate complex prints and could give recommendations with regardsto a better print strategy. These suggestions can be related to the maximumprinting speed and overhang angle, but also the optimal layer height andthickness, the specific choice of the infill pattern, or by extension themixture design. When print failures can be avoided, this methodology could savetime, resources and overall cost. Future work will focus on the validation ofthese numerical models and comparing them to experimental data.

FEM modelling techniques for simulation of 3D concrete printing