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The increasing control complexity of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)systems underlines the necessity of integrating quantum hardware with quantumsoftware. While mapping heterogeneous quantum-classical computing (HQCC)algorithms to NISQ hardware for execution, we observed a few dissatisfactionsin quantum programming languages (QPLs), including difficult mapping tohardware, limited expressiveness, and counter-intuitive code. Also, noisyqubits require repeatedly performed quantum experiments, which explicitlyoperate low-level configurations, such as pulses and timing of operations. Thisrequirement is beyond the scope or capability of most existing QPLs.  We summarize three execution models to depict the quantum-classicalinteraction of existing QPLs. Based on the refined HQCC model, we propose theQuingo framework to integrate and manage quantum-classical software andhardware to provide the programmability over HQCC applications and map them toNISQ hardware. We propose a six-phase quantum program life-cycle model matchingthe refined HQCC model, which is implemented by a runtime system. We alsopropose the Quingo programming language, an external domain-specific languagehighlighting timer-based timing control and opaque operation definition, whichcan be used to describe quantum experiments. We believe the Quingo frameworkcould contribute to the clarification of key techniques in the design of futureHQCC systems.

Quingo: A Programming Framework for Heterogeneous Quantum-Classical Computing with NISQ Features