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Responsible indicators are crucial for research assessment and monitoring.Transparency and accuracy of indicators are required to make researchassessment fair and ensure reproducibility. However, sometimes it is difficultto conduct or replicate studies based on indicators due to the lack oftransparency in conceptualization and operationalization. In this paper, wereview the different variants of the Probabilistic Affinity Index (PAI),considering both the conceptual and empirical underpinnings. We begin with areview of the historical development of the indicator and the differentalternatives proposed. To demonstrate the utility of the indicator, wedemonstrate the application of PAI to identifying preferred partners inscientific collaboration. A streamlined procedure is provided, to demonstratethe variations and appropriate calculations. We then compare the results ofimplementation for five specific countries involved in international scientificcollaboration. Despite the different proposals on its calculation, we do notobserve large differences between the PAI variants, particularly with respectto country size. As with any indicator, the selection of a particular variantis dependent on the research question. To facilitate appropriate use, weprovide recommendations for the use of the indicator given specific contexts.

An empirical review of the different variants of the Probabilistic Affinity Index as applied to scientific collaboration