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Remote sensing measurements have been an important data source of oceansurface roughness. Scatterometers operating at moderate and high incidenceangles provide information on the Bragg resonance spectral components of theocean surface waves. Monostatic and bistatic reflectometers provide spectrallyintegrated information of ocean waves longer than several times the incidentelectromagnetic (EM) wavelengths. The integrated surface roughness is generallyexpressed as the lowpass mean square slope (LPMSS). Tilting modification of thelocal incidence angle for the specular facets located on slanted backgroundsurfaces is an important factor in relating the LPMSS and microwave specularreturns. For very high wind condition, it is necessary to consider themodification of relative permittivity by air in foam and whitecaps produced bywave breaking. This paper describes the application of these considerations tomonostatic and bistatic microwave specular returns from the ocean surface.Measurements from Ku band altimeters and L band reflectometers are used forillustration. It remains a challenge to acquire sufficient number of high windcollocated and simultaneous reference measurements for algorithm development orvalidation and verification effort. Solutions from accurate forward computationcan supplement the sparse high wind databases. Modeled specular normalizedradar cross sections (NRCSs) for L, C, X, Ku, and Ka bands with wind speeds upto 99 m/s are provided.

Microwave Specular Returns and Ocean Surface Roughness