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Accurate extraction of liquid is the first step towards low-volume liquiddelivery and nanocharacterization, which plays a significant role in biomedicalresearch. In this study, a tip-shaped graphene nanopipette (GNP) is proposed byencapsulating the biomolecule solution on the prefabricated metal tip withgraphene. The volume of the encapsulated liquid is highly controllable atzeptoliter precision by tuning the encapsulating speed and the number ofgraphene encapsulation rounds. Using protein (ferritin) solution as an example,it has been confirmed by finite element analysis and the controlled experimentsthat the GNP allows the delivery of ferritin solution at the zeptoliter-scale.Furthermore, GNP is demonstrated as a new type of tip-shaped liquid cell, whichis suitable for multiple nanocharacterization techniques. In particular, due tothe ultra-sharp tip shape, isotope (13C)-labelled glucose solution encapsulatedin GNP has been characterized by atom probe tomography (APT) in thelaser-pulsed mode. Analysis of the mass spectrum and the reconstructedthree-dimensional chemical maps reveals the quantitative distribution and thecompositions of individual glucose molecules. The GNP is expected to beintroduced to deliver liquid in the range of zeptoliters to attoliters, andbrings a new capability for characterization of biological specimens in theirnear-native state.

Graphene nanopipette enabled liquid delivery at zeptoliter precision