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Whether it is fluorescence emission from asteroids and moons, solar windcharge exchange from comets, exospheric escape from Mars, pion reactions onVenus, sprite lighting on Saturn, or the Io plasma torus in the Jovianmagnetosphere, the Solar System is surprisingly rich and diverse in X-rayemitting objects. The compositions of diverse planetary bodies are offundamental interest to planetary science, providing clues to the formation andevolutionary history of the target bodies and the solar system as a whole.X-ray fluorescence (XRF) lines, triggered either by solar X-rays or energeticions, are intrinsic to atomic energy levels and carry an unambiguous signatureof the elemental composition of the emitting bodies. All remote-sensing XRFspectrometers used so far on planetary orbiters have been collimatedinstruments, with limited achievable spatial resolution, and many have usedarchaic X-ray detectors with poor energy resolution. Focusing X-ray opticsprovide true spectroscopic imaging and are used widely in astrophysicsmissions, but until now their mass and volume have been too large forresource-limited in-situ planetary missions. Recent advances in X-rayinstrumentation such as the Micro-Pore Optics used on the BepiColombo X-rayinstrument (Fraser et al., 2010), Miniature X-ray Optics (Hong et al., 2016)and highly radiation tolerant CMOS X-ray sensors (e.g., Kenter et al., 2012)enable compact, yet powerful, truly focusing X-ray Imaging Spectrometers. Suchinstruments will enable compositional measurements of planetary bodies withmuch better spatial resolution and thus open a large new discovery space inplanetary science, greatly enhancing our understanding of the nature and originof diverse planetary bodies. Here, we discuss many examples of the power of XRFto address key science questions across the solar system.

X-ray Studies of Planetary Systems: A 2020 Decadal Survey White Paper