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Nowadays, more and more applications are developed for running on adistributed ledger technology, namely dApps. The business logic of dApps isusually implemented within smart contracts developed through Solidity, aprogramming language for writing smart contracts on different blockchainplatforms, including the popular Ethereum. In Ethereum, the smart contracts runon the machines of miners and the gas corresponds to the execution feecompensating such computing resources. However, the deployment and executioncosts of a smart contract depend on the implementation choices done bydevelopers. Unappropriated design choices could lead to higher gas consumptionthan necessary. In this paper, we (i) identify a set of 19 Solidity code smellsaffecting the deployment and transaction costs of a smart contract, and (ii)assess the relevance of such smells through a survey involving 34 participants.On top of these smells, we propose GasMet, a suite of metrics for staticallyevaluating the code quality of a smart contract from the gas consumptionperspective. An experiment involving 2,186 smart contracts demonstrates thatthe proposed metrics have direct associations with deployment costs. Themetrics in our suite can be used for more easily identifying source codesegments that need optimizations.

Profiling Gas Consumption in Solidity Smart Contracts