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Most current self-sovereign identity systems may be categorized as strictlyobjective, consisting of cryptographically signed statements issued by trustedthird party attestors. This failure to provide an input for subjectivityaccounts for a central challenge: the inability to address the question of "Whoverifies the verifier?". Instead, these protocols outsource their legitimacy tomechanisms beyond their internal structure, relying on traditional centralizedinstitutions such as national ID issuers and KYC providers to verify the claimsthey hold. This reliance has been employed to safeguard applications from avulnerability previously thought to be impossible to address in distributedsystems: the Sybil attack problem, which describes the abuse of an onlinesystem by creating many illegitimate virtual personas. Inspired by the progressin cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, there has recently been a surgein networked protocols that make use of subjective inputs such as voting,vouching, and interpreting, to arrive at a decentralized and sybil-resistantconsensus for identity. In this article, we will outline the approaches ofthese new and natively digital sources of authentication -- their attributes,methodologies strengths, and weaknesses -- and sketch out possible directionsfor future developments.

Who Watches the Watchmen? A Review of Subjective Approaches for Sybil-resistance in Proof of Personhood Protocols