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In the picture-word interference paradigm, participants name pictures whileignoring a written or spoken distractor word. Naming times to the pictures areslowed down by the presence of the distractor word. Various properties of thedistractor modulate this slow down, for example naming times are shorter withfrequent vs. infrequent distractors. Building on this line of research, thepresent study investigates in more detail the impact of distractor and targetword properties on picture naming times. We report the results of severalBayesian meta-analyses, based on 35 datasets. The aim of the first analysis wasto obtain an estimation of the size of the distractor frequency effect, and ofits precision, in typical picture-word interference experiments where thisvariable is not manipulated. The analysis shows that a one-unit increase in logfrequency results in response times to the pictures decreasing by about 4ms(95% Credible Interval: [-6, -2]). With the second and third analyses, we showthat after accounting for the effect of frequency, two variables known toinfluence processing times in visual word processing tasks also influencepicture naming times: distractor length and orthographic neighborhood. Finally,we found that distractor word frequency and target word frequency interact; theeffect of distractor frequency decreases as the frequency of the target wordincreases. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of thesefindings, as well as the importance of obtaining high-precision estimates ofexperimental effects.

When words collide: Bayesian meta-analyses of distractor and target properties in the picture-word interference paradigm