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We study international mobility in academia, with a focus on the migration ofpublished researchers to and from Russia. Using an exhaustive set of over $2.4$million Scopus publications, we analyze all researchers who have published witha Russian affiliation address in Scopus-indexed sources in 1996-2020. Themigration of researchers is observed through the changes in their affiliationaddresses, which altered their mode countries of affiliation across differentyears. While only $5.2\%$ of these researchers were internationally mobile,they accounted for a substantial proportion of citations. Our estimates of netmigration rates indicate that while Russia was a donor country in the late1990s and early 2000s, it has experienced a relatively balanced circulation ofresearchers in more recent years. These findings suggest that the currenttrends in scholarly migration in Russia could be better framed as braincirculation, rather than as brain drain. Overall, researchers emigrating fromRussia outnumbered and outperformed researchers immigrating to Russia. Ouranalysis on the subject categories of publication venues shows that in the past25 years, Russia has, overall, suffered a net loss in most disciplines, andmost notably in the five disciplines of neuroscience, decision sciences,mathematics, biochemistry, and pharmacology. We demonstrate the robustness ofour main findings under random exclusion of data and changes in numericparameters. Our substantive results shed light on new aspects of internationalmobility in academia, and on the impact of this mobility on a national sciencesystem, which have direct implications for policy development.Methodologically, our novel approach to handling big data can be adopted as aframework of analysis for studying scholarly migration in other countries.

Brain Drain and Brain Gain in Russia: Analyzing International Migration of Researchers by Discipline using Scopus Bibliometric Data 1996-2020