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Deep water circulation and mixing processes in deep lakes are largelyunknown, although they are responsible for the transport of matter, nutrientsand pollutants. Such a lack of knowledge cannot be reliably provided bynumerical hydrodynamic modelling studies because detailed observations aretypically not available to validate them. To overcome some of thesedeficiencies, a dedicated yearlong mooring comprising 100 high-resolutiontemperature sensors and a single current meter were located in the deeper halfof the 344 m deepest point of the subalpine Lake Garda (Italy). Theobservations show peaks and calms of turbulent exchange, besides ubiquitousinternal wave activity. In late winter, northerly winds activate episodic deepconvective overturning, the dense water being subsequently advected along thelake-floor. Besides deep convection, such winds also set-up seiches andinertial waves that are associated with about 100 times larger turbulencedissipation rates than that by semidiurnal internal wave breaking observed insummer. In the lower 60 m above the lake-floor however, the average turbulencedissipation rate is approximately constant in value year-around, being about 10times larger than open-ocean values, except during deep convection episodes.

Moored observations of turbulent mixing events in deep Lake Garda (I)