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Nepal has a topographically diverse terrain with variations from plainflatland to high hills and mountains within a small region. Due to the lack ofabundant ground-based measurement sites, it is difficult to estimateevapotranspiration (ET) covering most of the areas of Nepal from lower tohigher elevations. In this study, we proposed to use a remote sensing-basedMETRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with InternalizedCalibration) model for estimating ET in Nepal. Landsat 8 imagery, whichprovides a fine spatial resolution (30 m), was used for the estimation. Theresults obtained from the METRIC model were compared with ground-basedmeasurements from an independent Eddy-Covariance (EC) station. Besides ET, theestimated surface temperatures (Ts) from the remote sensing model were alsocompared with ground-based measurements for model validation. The resultsobtained from the remote sensing model were close to the ground-basedmeasurements which establish the accuracy of the model. Root mean square error(RMSE) for hourly and daily ET was obtained as 0.06 mm/hr and 1.24 mm/day whilemean bias error (MBE) for hourly and daily ET was observed as 0.03 mm/hr and0.29 mm/day, respectively. Further, we analyzed the variations of ET withelevation for six different months and found that ET was inversely related toelevation, in general, over the regions of Nepal. This was established as aneffect of Ts and vegetation distribution over different elevations. To the bestof our knowledge, our study is a first that has investigated ET estimation overa topographically diverse region of Nepal with fine spatial resolution affordedby Landsat 8. Such large-scale ET estimation in Nepal has several applications.This can be leveraged for agricultural planning and forecasting in a countrywhere most of the population still relies on agriculture for their dailylivelihood.

Estimation of land surface Evapotranspiration in Nepal using Landsat based METRIC model