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Disruptions resulting from an epidemic might often appear to amount to chaosbut, in reality, can be understood in a systematic way through the lens of"epidemic psychology". According to Philip Strong, the founder of thesociological study of epidemic infectious diseases, not only is an epidemicbiological; there is also the potential for three psycho-social epidemics: offear, moralization, and action. This work empirically tests Strong's model atscale by studying the use of language of 122M tweets related to the COVID-19pandemic posted in the U.S. during the whole year of 2020. On Twitter, weidentified three distinct phases. Each of them is characterized by differentregimes of the three psycho-social epidemics. In the refusal phase, usersrefused to accept reality despite the increasing number of deaths in othercountries. In the anger phase (started after the announcement of the firstdeath in the country), users' fear translated into anger about the loomingfeeling that things were about to change. Finally, in the acceptance phase,which began after the authorities imposed physical-distancing measures, userssettled into a "new normal" for their daily activities. Overall, refusal ofaccepting reality gradually died off as the year went on, while acceptanceincreasingly took hold. During 2020, as cases surged in waves, so did anger,re-emerging cyclically at each wave. Our real-time operationalization ofStrong's model is designed in a way that makes it possible to embed epidemicpsychology into real-time models (e.g., epidemiological and mobility models).

How Epidemic Psychology Works on Twitter: Evolution of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S