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IoT security and privacy has raised grave concerns. Efforts have been made todesign tools to identify and understand vulnerabilities of IoT systems. Most ofthe existing protocol security analysis techniques rely on a well understandingof the underlying communication protocols. In this paper, we systematicallypresent the first manual reverse engineering framework for discoveringcommunication protocols of embedded Linux based IoT systems. We havesuccessfully applied our framework to reverse engineer a number of IoT systems.As an example, we present a detailed use of the framework reverse-engineeringthe WeMo smart plug communication protocol by extracting the firmware from theflash, performing static and dynamic analysis of the firmware and analyzingnetwork traffic. The discovered protocol exposes severe design flaws that allowattackers to control or deny the service of victim plugs. Our manual reverseengineering framework is generic and can be applied to both read-only andwritable Embedded Linux filesystems.

On Manually Reverse Engineering Communication Protocols of Linux Based IoT Systems