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We present picosecond-resolution streaked K-shell spectra from 400nm-diameter nickel nanowire arrays, demonstrating the ability to generate largevolumes of high energy density plasma when combined with the longer pulsestypical of the largest short pulse lasers. After irradiating the wire arraywith 100 J, 600 fs ultra-high-contrast laser pulses focussed to $>10^{20}$W/cm$^{2}$ at the Orion laser facility, we combine atomic kinetics modeling ofthe streaked spectra with 2D collisional particle-in-cell simulations todescribe the evolution of material conditions within these samples for thefirst time. We observe a three-fold enhancement of helium-like emissioncompared to a flat foil in a near-solid-density plasma sustaining keVtemperatures for tens of picoseconds, the result of strong electric returncurrents heating the wires and causing them to explode and collide.

Volumetric heating of nanowire arrays to keV temperatures using kilojoule-scale petawatt laser interactions