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This paper presents new methods for ensuring that the energy system of aneighborhood that is designed with the objective of being zero emission isactually operated in a way that allows it to reach net zero emissions in itslifetime. This paper highlights the necessity of taking into account realisticoperation strategies when designing the energy system of such neighborhoods. Italso suggests methods that can be used in the operation of ZENs to ensurecarbon neutrality. An optimization model for designing the energy system of aZero Emission Neighborhood (ZEN) is first presented and used to produce twodesigns for a campus in the South of Norway in the case where the amount of PVis limited (PVlim) and when it is not (Base). Several operation approaches arethen introduced to compare their operation cost and the CO2 emissions andcompensations. These approaches are perfect foresight used as a reference(Ref.),a purely economic model predictive control (E-MPC), an MPC withpenalization if deviating from emission targets (EmE-MPC)and a receding horizonMPC where we have a net zero emission constraint over the year (RH-MPC). Theresulting energy systems are, in the Base case, PV, heat pumps, a gas boilerand heat storage and, in the PVlim case, a smaller amount of PV, a CHP plant,and heat storage. In the Base case all operation strategies manage to reach netzero emissions, largely due to the passive compensations obtained from the PV.RH-MPC offers the lowest cost. In the PVlim case, the passive effect of the PVis not sufficient to reach net zero emissions and an operation approachspecifically taking into account the emissions is necessary. EmE-MPC achievesthe lowest emissions but it comes at a much higher cost. We conclude that thebest overall strategy is RH-MPC which maintains both the cost and theemission-compensation balance close to the reference case with perfectforesight.

Enforcing Annual Emission Constraints in Short-Term Operation of Local Energy Systems