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The hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of a freely-vibrating circularcylinder in mixed convection flow are numerically investigated at low Reynoldsnumbers. The numerical investigations are conducted for a range of parameters,Ur = [2.0, 10], Pr = [0.7, 10] and Ri = [0.5, 2.0]. Whereas the Reynoldsnumber, the mass ratio and the damping ratio are fixed. A secondary VIV lock-inregion is found in the cases of high Richardson number Ri=2.0 for high reducedvelocity values, in which the buoyancy-driven flow is non-trivial. A wide VIVlock-in region is formed with tremendous energy transfer between fluid andstructure, which is extremely meaningful for hydropower harvesting. Theinfluences of Prandtl and Richardson numbers on the hydrodynamics, structuraldynamics and heat transfer are discussed in detail. The temperature contoursare concentrated around cylinder for the cases of high Prandtl number, whichare associated with high mean Nusselt values. The influence on heat transferefficiency over the cylinder's surface is quantified via the calculation ofmean Nusselt number and its fluctuation for different circumstances. The energytransfer coefficient is employed to quantify the energy transfer between fluidand structure in mixed convection flow. The phase angle difference between thetransverse displacement of cylinder and the lift force is used to support thediscussions of energy transfer. A stabilized finite element formulation inArbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian description is derived. The structural dynamicsand vortex-induced vibration are documented for various environments, e.g.,different reduced velocity, Prandtl numbers and Richardson numbers. Theinfluence of structural dynamics on the heat transfer efficiency over a heatedcylinder is recorded and discussed as well. The obtained numerical resultsmatch well with literature and the established empirical formula.

Hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of a freely-vibrating circular cylinder in mixed convection flow