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Elastic strain energy released during shear failure in rock is partiallyspent as fracture energy $\Gamma$ to propagate the rupture further. $\Gamma$ isdissipated within the rupture tip process zone, and includes energy dissipatedas off-fault damage, $\Gamma_\mathrm{off}$. Quantifying off-fault damage formedduring rupture is crucial to understand its effect on rupture dynamics andslip-weakening processes behind the rupture tip, and its contribution toseismic radiation. Here, we quantify $\Gamma_\mathrm{off}$ and associatedchange in off-fault mechanical properties during and after quasi-static anddynamic rupture. We do so by performing dynamic and quasi-static shear failureexperiments on intact Lanh\'elin granite under triaxial conditions. We quantifythe change in elastic moduli around the fault from time-resolved 3D $P$-wavevelocity tomography obtained during and after failure. We measure the off-faultmicrofracture damage after failure. From the tomography, we observe a localisedmaximum 25\% drop in $P$-wave velocity around the shear failure interface forboth quasi-static and dynamic failure. Microfracture density data reveals adamage zone width of around 10 mm after quasi-static failure, and 20 mm afterdynamic failure. Microfracture densities obtained from $P$-wave velocitytomography models using an effective medium approach are in good agreement withthe measured off-fault microfracture damage. $\Gamma_\mathrm{off}$ obtainedfrom off-fault microfracture measurements is around 3 kJm$^{2}$ forquasi-static rupture, and 5.5 kJm$^{2}$ for dynamic rupture. We argue thatrupture velocity determines damage zone width for slip up to a few mm, and thatshear fracture energy $\Gamma$ increases with increasing rupture velocity.

Off-fault damage characterisation during and after experimental  quasi-static and dynamic rupture in crustal rock from laboratory P-wave  tomography and microstructures