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Wing flexibility plays an essential role in the aerodynamic performance ofinsects due to the considerable deformation of their wings during flight underthe impact of inertial and aerodynamic forces. These forces come from thecomplex wing kinematics of insects. In this study, both wing structuraldynamics and flapping wing motion are taken into account to investigate theeffect of wing deformation on the aerodynamic efficiency of a bumblebee intethered flight. A fluid-structure interaction solver, coupling a mass-springmodel for the flexible wing with a pseudo-spectral code solving theincompressible Navier-Stokes equations, is implemented for this purpose. Wefirst consider a tethered bumblebee flying in laminar flow with flexible wings.Compared to the rigid model, flexible wings generate smaller aerodynamic forcesbut require much less power. Finally, the bumblebee model is put into aturbulent flow to investigate its influence on the force production of flexiblewings.

Fluid-structure interaction using volume penalization and mass-spring models with application to flapping bumblebee flight