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Covert channels are communication channels used by attackers to transmitinformation from a compromised system when the access control policy of thesystem does not allow doing so. Previous work has shown that CPU frequencyscaling can be used as a covert channel to transmit information betweenotherwise isolated processes. Modern systems either try to save power or try tooperate near their power limits in order to maximize performance, so theyimplement mechanisms to vary the frequency based on load. Existing covertchannels based on this approach are either easily thwarted by softwarecountermeasures or only work on completely idle systems. In this paper, we showhow the automatic frequency scaling provided by Intel Turbo Boost can be usedto construct a covert channel that is both hard to prevent without significantperformance impact and can tolerate significant background system load. AsIntel Turbo Boost selects the maximum CPU frequency based on the number ofactive cores, our covert channel modulates information onto the maximum CPUfrequency by placing load on multiple additional CPU cores. Our prototype ofthe covert channel achieves a throughput of up to 61 bit/s on an idle systemand up to 43 bit/s on a system with 25% utilization.

TurboCC: A Practical Frequency-Based Covert Channel With Intel Turbo Boost