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Motivated by a possible $\sim$ eV-mass solar axion explanation to excessevents recently detected by the XENON1T experiment, I revisit and updatecosmological constraints on axions in this mass range. I find that of theallowed XENON1T mass window (0.1 - 4.1 eV for DFSZ axions and 46 - 56 eV forKSVZ axions), only 0.1 - 0.35 eV remains viable at 95% confidence given currentcosmological probes. If a 0.35 eV DFSZ axion existed, it would be detectable at${\sim}7\sigma$ via two independent physical effects with the next-generationCMB-S4 experiment. Conversely, even a combination of CMB-S4 with future DESImeasurements falls just short of guaranteeing a 0.1 eV-mass axion can bedetected or ruled out. A future limit of $\Delta N_{\rm eff}<0.027$ could ruleout any generic axion-like particle across a wide range of masses as long asthe reheating temperature is not too low, or alternatively, a futurecosmological detection of such an axion-like particle could become the tightestexisting observational lower bound on the reheating temperature.

New cosmological bounds on axions in the XENON1T window