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Social engineering cyberattacks are a major threat because they often preludesophisticated and devastating cyberattacks. Social engineering cyberattacks area kind of psychological attack that exploits weaknesses in human cognitivefunctions. Adequate defense against social engineering cyberattacks requires adeeper understanding of what aspects of human cognition are exploited by thesecyberattacks, why humans are susceptible to these cyberattacks, and how we canminimize or at least mitigate their damage. These questions have received someamount of attention but the state-of-the-art understanding is superficial andscattered in the literature. In this paper, we review human cognition throughthe lens of social engineering cyberattacks. Then, we propose an extendedframework of human cognitive functions to accommodate social engineeringcyberattacks. We cast existing studies on various aspects of social engineeringcyberattacks into the extended framework, while drawing a number of insightsthat represent the current understanding and shed light on future researchdirections. The extended framework might inspire future research endeavorstowards a new sub-field that can be called Cybersecurity Cognitive Psychology,which tailors or adapts principles of Cognitive Psychology to the cybersecuritydomain while embracing new notions and concepts that are unique to thecybersecurity domain.

Human Cognition through the Lens of Social Engineering Cyberattacks