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Traditionally, Network Function Virtualization (NFV) has been implemented torun on Virtual Machines (VMs) in form of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). Morerecently, the so-called Serverless Computing has gained traction in cloudcomputing, offering Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms that make use ofcontainerization techniques to deploy services. In contrast to VM-based VNFs,where resources are usually reserved and continuously running, FaaS can just besubsets of code implementing small functions allowing for event-driven,on-demand instantiations. Thus, a hybrid VM-Container based Service FunctionChains (SFCs) are a natural evolution of NFV architecture. We study a novelproblem of optimal placement of hybrid SFCs from an Internet Service Provider(ISP) point of view, whereby VNFs can be instantiated either over VMs orcontainers in a generic edge and cloud continuum. To this end, we propose aMixed-Integer Linear Programming model as well as a heuristic solution to solvethis optimization problem that considers three objectives unique to thespecific VM and container deployment in a carrier network: operational costsfor maintaining servers in the edge, costs of placing VNFs in third-party cloudproviders and penalty costs applied when SLA agreements are violated in termsof end-to-end delay. We also propose 2-phases optimization process to analyzethe effect on performance as a result of replications and migrations of VNFs.The model can be used to highlight scenarios where a combination of VMs andcontainers can provide most benefits from the monetary costs point of view.

On Optimal Placement of Hybrid Service Function Chains (SFCs) of Virtual Machines and Containers in a Generic Edge-Cloud Continuum